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        <h1 class="title">SQL style guide</h1>
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                <time datetime="2018-02-26T12:00:00.000Z" itemprop="datePublished" class="page-time">
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            <h4>TOC</h4>
            <ol class="post-toc"><li class="post-toc-item post-toc-level-1"><a class="post-toc-link" href="#SQL-style-guide"><span class="post-toc-number">1.</span> <span class="post-toc-text">SQL style guide</span></a><ol class="post-toc-child"><li class="post-toc-item post-toc-level-2"><a class="post-toc-link" href="#Overview"><span class="post-toc-number">1.1.</span> <span class="post-toc-text">Overview</span></a></li><li class="post-toc-item post-toc-level-2"><a class="post-toc-link" href="#General"><span class="post-toc-number">1.2.</span> <span class="post-toc-text">General</span></a><ol class="post-toc-child"><li class="post-toc-item post-toc-level-3"><a class="post-toc-link" href="#Do"><span class="post-toc-number">1.2.1.</span> <span class="post-toc-text">Do</span></a></li><li class="post-toc-item post-toc-level-3"><a class="post-toc-link" href="#Avoid"><span class="post-toc-number">1.2.2.</span> <span class="post-toc-text">Avoid</span></a></li></ol></li><li class="post-toc-item post-toc-level-2"><a class="post-toc-link" href="#Naming-conventions"><span class="post-toc-number">1.3.</span> <span class="post-toc-text">Naming conventions</span></a><ol class="post-toc-child"><li class="post-toc-item post-toc-level-3"><a class="post-toc-link" href="#General-1"><span class="post-toc-number">1.3.1.</span> <span class="post-toc-text">General</span></a></li><li class="post-toc-item post-toc-level-3"><a class="post-toc-link" href="#Tables"><span class="post-toc-number">1.3.2.</span> <span class="post-toc-text">Tables</span></a></li><li class="post-toc-item post-toc-level-3"><a class="post-toc-link" href="#Columns"><span class="post-toc-number">1.3.3.</span> <span class="post-toc-text">Columns</span></a></li><li class="post-toc-item post-toc-level-3"><a class="post-toc-link" href="#Aliasing-or-correlations"><span class="post-toc-number">1.3.4.</span> <span class="post-toc-text">Aliasing or correlations</span></a></li><li class="post-toc-item post-toc-level-3"><a class="post-toc-link" href="#Stored-procedures"><span class="post-toc-number">1.3.5.</span> <span class="post-toc-text">Stored procedures</span></a></li><li class="post-toc-item post-toc-level-3"><a class="post-toc-link" href="#Uniform-suffixes"><span class="post-toc-number">1.3.6.</span> <span class="post-toc-text">Uniform suffixes</span></a></li></ol></li><li class="post-toc-item post-toc-level-2"><a class="post-toc-link" href="#Query-syntax"><span class="post-toc-number">1.4.</span> <span class="post-toc-text">Query syntax</span></a><ol class="post-toc-child"><li class="post-toc-item post-toc-level-3"><a class="post-toc-link" href="#Reserved-words"><span class="post-toc-number">1.4.1.</span> <span class="post-toc-text">Reserved words</span></a></li><li class="post-toc-item post-toc-level-3"><a class="post-toc-link" href="#White-space"><span class="post-toc-number">1.4.2.</span> <span class="post-toc-text">White space</span></a><ol class="post-toc-child"><li class="post-toc-item post-toc-level-4"><a class="post-toc-link" href="#Spaces"><span class="post-toc-number">1.4.2.1.</span> <span class="post-toc-text">Spaces</span></a></li><li class="post-toc-item post-toc-level-4"><a class="post-toc-link" href="#Line-spacing"><span class="post-toc-number">1.4.2.2.</span> <span class="post-toc-text">Line spacing</span></a></li></ol></li><li class="post-toc-item post-toc-level-3"><a class="post-toc-link" href="#Indentation"><span class="post-toc-number">1.4.3.</span> <span class="post-toc-text">Indentation</span></a><ol class="post-toc-child"><li class="post-toc-item post-toc-level-4"><a class="post-toc-link" href="#Joins"><span class="post-toc-number">1.4.3.1.</span> <span class="post-toc-text">Joins</span></a></li><li class="post-toc-item post-toc-level-4"><a class="post-toc-link" href="#Subqueries"><span class="post-toc-number">1.4.3.2.</span> <span class="post-toc-text">Subqueries</span></a></li></ol></li><li class="post-toc-item post-toc-level-3"><a class="post-toc-link" href="#Preferred-formalisms"><span class="post-toc-number">1.4.4.</span> <span class="post-toc-text">Preferred formalisms</span></a></li></ol></li><li class="post-toc-item post-toc-level-2"><a class="post-toc-link" href="#Create-syntax"><span class="post-toc-number">1.5.</span> <span class="post-toc-text">Create syntax</span></a><ol class="post-toc-child"><li class="post-toc-item post-toc-level-3"><a class="post-toc-link" href="#Choosing-data-types"><span class="post-toc-number">1.5.1.</span> <span class="post-toc-text">Choosing data types</span></a></li><li class="post-toc-item post-toc-level-3"><a class="post-toc-link" href="#Specifying-default-values"><span class="post-toc-number">1.5.2.</span> <span class="post-toc-text">Specifying default values</span></a></li><li class="post-toc-item post-toc-level-3"><a class="post-toc-link" href="#Constraints-and-keys"><span class="post-toc-number">1.5.3.</span> <span class="post-toc-text">Constraints and keys</span></a><ol class="post-toc-child"><li class="post-toc-item post-toc-level-4"><a class="post-toc-link" href="#Choosing-keys"><span class="post-toc-number">1.5.3.1.</span> <span class="post-toc-text">Choosing keys</span></a></li><li class="post-toc-item post-toc-level-4"><a class="post-toc-link" href="#Defining-constraints"><span class="post-toc-number">1.5.3.2.</span> <span class="post-toc-text">Defining constraints</span></a><ol class="post-toc-child"><li class="post-toc-item post-toc-level-5"><a class="post-toc-link" href="#General-2"><span class="post-toc-number">1.5.3.2.1.</span> <span class="post-toc-text">General</span></a></li><li class="post-toc-item post-toc-level-5"><a class="post-toc-link" href="#Layout-and-order"><span class="post-toc-number">1.5.3.2.2.</span> <span class="post-toc-text">Layout and order</span></a></li><li class="post-toc-item post-toc-level-5"><a class="post-toc-link" href="#Validation"><span class="post-toc-number">1.5.3.2.3.</span> <span class="post-toc-text">Validation</span></a></li><li class="post-toc-item post-toc-level-5"><a class="post-toc-link" href="#Example"><span class="post-toc-number">1.5.3.2.4.</span> <span class="post-toc-text">Example</span></a></li></ol></li></ol></li><li class="post-toc-item post-toc-level-3"><a class="post-toc-link" href="#Designs-to-avoid"><span class="post-toc-number">1.5.4.</span> <span class="post-toc-text">Designs to avoid</span></a></li></ol></li><li class="post-toc-item post-toc-level-2"><a class="post-toc-link" href="#Appendix"><span class="post-toc-number">1.6.</span> <span class="post-toc-text">Appendix</span></a><ol class="post-toc-child"><li class="post-toc-item post-toc-level-3"><a class="post-toc-link" href="#Reserved-keyword-reference"><span class="post-toc-number">1.6.1.</span> <span class="post-toc-text">Reserved keyword reference</span></a></li></ol></li></ol></li></ol>
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            <time class="post-time" title="2018-02-26 20:00:00" datetime="2018-02-26T12:00:00.000Z" itemprop="datePublished">2018-02-26</time>

            
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            <h1 id="SQL-style-guide"><a href="#SQL-style-guide" class="headerlink" title="SQL style guide"></a>SQL style guide</h1><h2 id="Overview"><a href="#Overview" class="headerlink" title="Overview"></a>Overview</h2><p>You can use this set of guidelines, <a href="https://github.com/treffynnon/sqlstyle.guide/fork" title="Fork SQL style guide on GitHub" target="_blank" rel="noopener">fork them</a> or make your own - the<br>key here is that you pick a style and stick to it. To suggest changes<br>or fix bugs please open an <a href="https://github.com/treffynnon/sqlstyle.guide/issues" title="SQL style guide issues on GitHub" target="_blank" rel="noopener">issue</a> or <a href="https://github.com/treffynnon/sqlstyle.guide/pulls/" title="SQL style guide pull requests on GitHub" target="_blank" rel="noopener">pull request</a> on GitHub.</p>
<p>These guidelines are designed to be compatible with Joe Celko’s <a href="https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0120887975/ref=as_li_ss_tl?ie=UTF8&amp;linkCode=ll1&amp;tag=treffynnon-20&amp;linkId=9c88eac8cd420e979675c815771313d5" title="Joe Celko&#39;s SQL Programming Style (The Morgan Kaufmann Series in Data Management Systems)" target="_blank" rel="noopener">SQL Programming<br>Style</a> book to make adoption for teams who have already read that book<br>easier. This guide is a little more opinionated in some areas and in others a<br>little more relaxed. It is certainly more succinct where <a href="https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0120887975/ref=as_li_ss_tl?ie=UTF8&amp;linkCode=ll1&amp;tag=treffynnon-20&amp;linkId=9c88eac8cd420e979675c815771313d5" title="Joe Celko&#39;s SQL Programming Style (The Morgan Kaufmann Series in Data Management Systems)" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Celko’s book</a><br>contains anecdotes and reasoning behind each rule as thoughtful prose.</p>
<p>It is easy to include this guide in <a href="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/treffynnon/sqlstyle.guide/gh-pages/_includes/sqlstyle.guide.md" title="Download the guide in Markdown format" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Markdown format</a> as a part of a<br>project’s code base or reference it here for anyone on the project to freely<br>read—much harder with a physical book.</p>
<p>SQL style guide by <a href="https://www.simonholywell.com/?utm_source=sqlstyle.guide&amp;utm_medium=link&amp;utm_campaign=md-document" title="SimonHolywell.com" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Simon Holywell</a> is licensed under a <a href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/" title="Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Creative Commons<br>Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License</a>.<br>Based on a work at <a href="http://www.sqlstyle.guide" title="SQL style guide by Simon Holywell" target="_blank" rel="noopener">http://www.sqlstyle.guide</a>.</p>
<h2 id="General"><a href="#General" class="headerlink" title="General"></a>General</h2><h3 id="Do"><a href="#Do" class="headerlink" title="Do"></a>Do</h3><ul>
<li>Use consistent and descriptive identifiers and names.</li>
<li>Make judicious use of white space and indentation to make code easier to read.</li>
<li>Store <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_8601" title="Wikipedia: ISO 8601" target="_blank" rel="noopener">ISO-8601</a> compliant time and date information<br>(<code>YYYY-MM-DD HH:MM:SS.SSSSS</code>).</li>
<li>Try to use only standard SQL functions instead of vendor specific functions for<br>reasons of portability.</li>
<li>Keep code succinct and devoid of redundant SQL—such as unnecessary quoting or<br>parentheses or <code>WHERE</code> clauses that can otherwise be derived.</li>
<li>Include comments in SQL code where necessary. Use the C style opening <code>/*</code> and<br>closing <code>*/</code> where possible otherwise precede comments with <code>--</code> and finish<br>them with a new line.</li>
</ul>
<figure class="highlight sql"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">SELECT</span> file_hash  <span class="comment">-- stored ssdeep hash</span></span><br><span class="line">  <span class="keyword">FROM</span> file_system</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">WHERE</span> file_name = <span class="string">'.vimrc'</span>;</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<figure class="highlight sql"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="comment">/* Updating the file record after writing to the file */</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">UPDATE</span> file_system</span><br><span class="line">   <span class="keyword">SET</span> file_modified_date = <span class="string">'1980-02-22 13:19:01.00000'</span>,</span><br><span class="line">       file_size = <span class="number">209732</span></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">WHERE</span> file_name = <span class="string">'.vimrc'</span>;</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<h3 id="Avoid"><a href="#Avoid" class="headerlink" title="Avoid"></a>Avoid</h3><ul>
<li>CamelCase—it is difficult to scan quickly.</li>
<li>Descriptive prefixes or Hungarian notation such as <code>sp_</code> or <code>tbl</code>.</li>
<li>Plurals—use the more natural collective term where possible instead. For example<br><code>staff</code> instead of <code>employees</code> or <code>people</code> instead of <code>individuals</code>.</li>
<li>Quoted identifiers—if you must use them then stick to SQL92 double quotes for<br>portability (you may need to configure your SQL server to support this depending<br>on vendor).</li>
<li>Object oriented design principles should not be applied to SQL or database<br>structures.</li>
</ul>
<h2 id="Naming-conventions"><a href="#Naming-conventions" class="headerlink" title="Naming conventions"></a>Naming conventions</h2><h3 id="General-1"><a href="#General-1" class="headerlink" title="General"></a>General</h3><ul>
<li>Ensure the name is unique and does not exist as a<br><a href="#reserved-keyword-reference" title="Reserved keyword reference">reserved keyword</a>.</li>
<li>Keep the length to a maximum of 30 bytes—in practice this is 30 characters<br>unless you are using multi-byte character set.</li>
<li>Names must begin with a letter and may not end with an underscore.</li>
<li>Only use letters, numbers and underscores in names.</li>
<li>Avoid the use of multiple consecutive underscores—these can be hard to read.</li>
<li>Use underscores where you would naturally include a space in the name (first<br>name becomes <code>first_name</code>).</li>
<li>Avoid abbreviations and if you have to use them make sure they are commonly<br>understood.</li>
</ul>
<figure class="highlight sql"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">SELECT</span> first_name</span><br><span class="line">  <span class="keyword">FROM</span> staff;</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<h3 id="Tables"><a href="#Tables" class="headerlink" title="Tables"></a>Tables</h3><ul>
<li>Use a collective name or, less ideally, a plural form. For example (in order of<br>preference) <code>staff</code> and <code>employees</code>.</li>
<li>Do not prefix with <code>tbl</code> or any other such descriptive prefix or Hungarian<br>notation.</li>
<li>Never give a table the same name as one of its columns and vice versa.</li>
<li>Avoid, where possible, concatenating two table names together to create the name<br>of a relationship table. Rather than <code>cars_mechanics</code> prefer <code>services</code>.</li>
</ul>
<h3 id="Columns"><a href="#Columns" class="headerlink" title="Columns"></a>Columns</h3><ul>
<li>Always use the singular name.</li>
<li>Where possible avoid simply using <code>id</code> as the primary identifier for the table.</li>
<li>Do not add a column with the same name as its table and vice versa.</li>
<li>Always use lowercase except where it may make sense not to such as proper nouns.</li>
</ul>
<h3 id="Aliasing-or-correlations"><a href="#Aliasing-or-correlations" class="headerlink" title="Aliasing or correlations"></a>Aliasing or correlations</h3><ul>
<li>Should relate in some way to the object or expression they are aliasing.</li>
<li>As a rule of thumb the correlation name should be the first letter of each word<br>in the object’s name.</li>
<li>If there is already a correlation with the same name then append a number.</li>
<li>Always include the <code>AS</code> keyword—makes it easier to read as it is explicit.</li>
<li>For computed data (<code>SUM()</code> or <code>AVG()</code>) use the name you would give it were it<br>a column defined in the schema.</li>
</ul>
<figure class="highlight sql"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">SELECT</span> first_name <span class="keyword">AS</span> fn</span><br><span class="line">  <span class="keyword">FROM</span> staff <span class="keyword">AS</span> s1</span><br><span class="line">  <span class="keyword">JOIN</span> students <span class="keyword">AS</span> s2</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">ON</span> s2.mentor_id = s1.staff_num;</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<figure class="highlight sql"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">SELECT</span> <span class="keyword">SUM</span>(s.monitor_tally) <span class="keyword">AS</span> monitor_total</span><br><span class="line">  <span class="keyword">FROM</span> staff <span class="keyword">AS</span> s;</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<h3 id="Stored-procedures"><a href="#Stored-procedures" class="headerlink" title="Stored procedures"></a>Stored procedures</h3><ul>
<li>The name must contain a verb.</li>
<li>Do not prefix with <code>sp_</code> or any other such descriptive prefix or Hungarian<br>notation.</li>
</ul>
<h3 id="Uniform-suffixes"><a href="#Uniform-suffixes" class="headerlink" title="Uniform suffixes"></a>Uniform suffixes</h3><p>The following suffixes have a universal meaning ensuring the columns can be read<br>and understood easily from SQL code. Use the correct suffix where appropriate.</p>
<ul>
<li><code>_id</code>—a unique identifier such as a column that is a primary key.</li>
<li><code>_status</code>—flag value or some other status of any type such as<br><code>publication_status</code>.</li>
<li><code>_total</code>—the total or sum of a collection of values.</li>
<li><code>_num</code>—denotes the field contains any kind of number.</li>
<li><code>_name</code>—signifies a name such as <code>first_name</code>.</li>
<li><code>_seq</code>—contains a contiguous sequence of values.</li>
<li><code>_date</code>—denotes a column that contains the date of something.</li>
<li><code>_tally</code>—a count.</li>
<li><code>_size</code>—the size of something such as a file size or clothing.</li>
<li><code>_addr</code>—an address for the record could be physical or intangible such as<br><code>ip_addr</code>.</li>
</ul>
<h2 id="Query-syntax"><a href="#Query-syntax" class="headerlink" title="Query syntax"></a>Query syntax</h2><h3 id="Reserved-words"><a href="#Reserved-words" class="headerlink" title="Reserved words"></a>Reserved words</h3><p>Always use uppercase for the <a href="#reserved-keyword-reference" title="Reserved keyword reference">reserved keywords</a><br>like <code>SELECT</code> and <code>WHERE</code>.</p>
<p>It is best to avoid the abbreviated keywords and use the full length ones where<br>available (prefer <code>ABSOLUTE</code> to <code>ABS</code>).</p>
<p>Do not use database server specific keywords where an ANSI SQL keyword already<br>exists performing the same function. This helps to make code more portable.</p>
<figure class="highlight sql"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">SELECT</span> model_num</span><br><span class="line">  <span class="keyword">FROM</span> phones <span class="keyword">AS</span> p</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">WHERE</span> p.release_date &gt; <span class="string">'2014-09-30'</span>;</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<h3 id="White-space"><a href="#White-space" class="headerlink" title="White space"></a>White space</h3><p>To make the code easier to read it is important that the correct compliment of<br>spacing is used. Do not crowd code or remove natural language spaces.</p>
<h4 id="Spaces"><a href="#Spaces" class="headerlink" title="Spaces"></a>Spaces</h4><p>Spaces should be used to line up the code so that the root keywords all end on<br>the same character boundary. This forms a river down the middle making it easy for<br>the readers eye to scan over the code and separate the keywords from the<br>implementation detail. Rivers are <a href="http://practicaltypography.com/one-space-between-sentences.html" title="Practical Typography: one space between sentences" target="_blank" rel="noopener">bad in typography</a>, but helpful here.</p>
<figure class="highlight sql"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">SELECT</span> f.average_height, f.average_diameter</span><br><span class="line">  <span class="keyword">FROM</span> flora <span class="keyword">AS</span> f</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">WHERE</span> f.species_name = <span class="string">'Banksia'</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">OR</span> f.species_name = <span class="string">'Sheoak'</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">OR</span> f.species_name = <span class="string">'Wattle'</span>;</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>Notice that <code>SELECT</code>, <code>FROM</code>, etc. are all right aligned while the actual column<br>names and implementation specific details are left aligned.</p>
<p>Although not exhaustive always include spaces:</p>
<ul>
<li>before and after equals (<code>=</code>)</li>
<li>after commas (<code>,</code>)</li>
<li>surrounding apostrophes (<code>&#39;</code>) where not within parentheses or with a trailing<br>comma or semicolon.</li>
</ul>
<figure class="highlight sql"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">SELECT</span> a.title, a.release_date, a.recording_date</span><br><span class="line">  <span class="keyword">FROM</span> albums <span class="keyword">AS</span> a</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">WHERE</span> a.title = <span class="string">'Charcoal Lane'</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">OR</span> a.title = <span class="string">'The New Danger'</span>;</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<h4 id="Line-spacing"><a href="#Line-spacing" class="headerlink" title="Line spacing"></a>Line spacing</h4><p>Always include newlines/vertical space:</p>
<ul>
<li>before <code>AND</code> or <code>OR</code></li>
<li>after semicolons to separate queries for easier reading</li>
<li>after each keyword definition</li>
<li>after a comma when separating multiple columns into logical groups</li>
<li>to separate code into related sections, which helps to ease the readability of<br>large chunks of code.</li>
</ul>
<p>Keeping all the keywords aligned to the righthand side and the values left aligned<br>creates a uniform gap down the middle of query. It makes it much easier to scan<br>the query definition over quickly too.</p>
<figure class="highlight sql"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">INSERT</span> <span class="keyword">INTO</span> albums (title, release_date, recording_date)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">VALUES</span> (<span class="string">'Charcoal Lane'</span>, <span class="string">'1990-01-01 01:01:01.00000'</span>, <span class="string">'1990-01-01 01:01:01.00000'</span>),</span><br><span class="line">       (<span class="string">'The New Danger'</span>, <span class="string">'2008-01-01 01:01:01.00000'</span>, <span class="string">'1990-01-01 01:01:01.00000'</span>);</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<figure class="highlight sql"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">UPDATE</span> albums</span><br><span class="line">   <span class="keyword">SET</span> release_date = <span class="string">'1990-01-01 01:01:01.00000'</span></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">WHERE</span> title = <span class="string">'The New Danger'</span>;</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<figure class="highlight sql"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">SELECT</span> a.title,</span><br><span class="line">       a.release_date, a.recording_date, a.production_date <span class="comment">-- grouped dates together</span></span><br><span class="line">  <span class="keyword">FROM</span> albums <span class="keyword">AS</span> a</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">WHERE</span> a.title = <span class="string">'Charcoal Lane'</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">OR</span> a.title = <span class="string">'The New Danger'</span>;</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<h3 id="Indentation"><a href="#Indentation" class="headerlink" title="Indentation"></a>Indentation</h3><p>To ensure that SQL is readable it is important that standards of indentation<br>are followed.</p>
<h4 id="Joins"><a href="#Joins" class="headerlink" title="Joins"></a>Joins</h4><p>Joins should be indented to the other side of the river and grouped with a new<br>line where necessary.</p>
<figure class="highlight sql"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">SELECT</span> r.last_name</span><br><span class="line">  <span class="keyword">FROM</span> riders <span class="keyword">AS</span> r</span><br><span class="line">       <span class="keyword">INNER</span> <span class="keyword">JOIN</span> bikes <span class="keyword">AS</span> b</span><br><span class="line">       <span class="keyword">ON</span> r.bike_vin_num = b.vin_num</span><br><span class="line">          <span class="keyword">AND</span> b.engines &gt; <span class="number">2</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">       <span class="keyword">INNER</span> <span class="keyword">JOIN</span> crew <span class="keyword">AS</span> c</span><br><span class="line">       <span class="keyword">ON</span> r.crew_chief_last_name = c.last_name</span><br><span class="line">          <span class="keyword">AND</span> c.chief = <span class="string">'Y'</span>;</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<h4 id="Subqueries"><a href="#Subqueries" class="headerlink" title="Subqueries"></a>Subqueries</h4><p>Subqueries should also be aligned to the right side of the river and then laid<br>out using the same style as any other query. Sometimes it will make sense to have<br>the closing parenthesis on a new line at the same character position as it’s<br>opening partner—this is especially true where you have nested subqueries.</p>
<figure class="highlight sql"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">SELECT</span> r.last_name,</span><br><span class="line">       (<span class="keyword">SELECT</span> <span class="keyword">MAX</span>(<span class="keyword">YEAR</span>(championship_date))</span><br><span class="line">          <span class="keyword">FROM</span> champions <span class="keyword">AS</span> c</span><br><span class="line">         <span class="keyword">WHERE</span> c.last_name = r.last_name</span><br><span class="line">           <span class="keyword">AND</span> c.confirmed = <span class="string">'Y'</span>) <span class="keyword">AS</span> last_championship_year</span><br><span class="line">  <span class="keyword">FROM</span> riders <span class="keyword">AS</span> r</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">WHERE</span> r.last_name <span class="keyword">IN</span></span><br><span class="line">       (<span class="keyword">SELECT</span> c.last_name</span><br><span class="line">          <span class="keyword">FROM</span> champions <span class="keyword">AS</span> c</span><br><span class="line">         <span class="keyword">WHERE</span> <span class="keyword">YEAR</span>(championship_date) &gt; <span class="string">'2008'</span></span><br><span class="line">           <span class="keyword">AND</span> c.confirmed = <span class="string">'Y'</span>);</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<h3 id="Preferred-formalisms"><a href="#Preferred-formalisms" class="headerlink" title="Preferred formalisms"></a>Preferred formalisms</h3><ul>
<li>Make use of <code>BETWEEN</code> where possible instead of combining multiple statements<br>with <code>AND</code>.</li>
<li>Similarly use <code>IN()</code> instead of multiple <code>OR</code> clauses.</li>
<li>Where a value needs to be interpreted before leaving the database use the <code>CASE</code><br>expression. <code>CASE</code> statements can be nested to form more complex logical structures.</li>
<li>Avoid the use of <code>UNION</code> clauses and temporary tables where possible. If the<br>schema can be optimised to remove the reliance on these features then it most<br>likely should be.</li>
</ul>
<figure class="highlight sql"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">SELECT</span> <span class="keyword">CASE</span> postcode</span><br><span class="line">       <span class="keyword">WHEN</span> <span class="string">'BN1'</span> <span class="keyword">THEN</span> <span class="string">'Brighton'</span></span><br><span class="line">       <span class="keyword">WHEN</span> <span class="string">'EH1'</span> <span class="keyword">THEN</span> <span class="string">'Edinburgh'</span></span><br><span class="line">       <span class="keyword">END</span> <span class="keyword">AS</span> city</span><br><span class="line">  <span class="keyword">FROM</span> office_locations</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">WHERE</span> country = <span class="string">'United Kingdom'</span></span><br><span class="line">   <span class="keyword">AND</span> opening_time <span class="keyword">BETWEEN</span> <span class="number">8</span> <span class="keyword">AND</span> <span class="number">9</span></span><br><span class="line">   <span class="keyword">AND</span> postcode <span class="keyword">IN</span> (<span class="string">'EH1'</span>, <span class="string">'BN1'</span>, <span class="string">'NN1'</span>, <span class="string">'KW1'</span>)</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<h2 id="Create-syntax"><a href="#Create-syntax" class="headerlink" title="Create syntax"></a>Create syntax</h2><p>When declaring schema information it is also important to maintain human<br>readable code. To facilitate this ensure the column definitions are ordered and<br>grouped where it makes sense to do so.</p>
<p>Indent column definitions by four (4) spaces within the <code>CREATE</code> definition.</p>
<h3 id="Choosing-data-types"><a href="#Choosing-data-types" class="headerlink" title="Choosing data types"></a>Choosing data types</h3><ul>
<li>Where possible do not use vendor specific data types—these are not portable and<br>may not be available in older versions of the same vendor’s software.</li>
<li>Only use <code>REAL</code> or <code>FLOAT</code> types where it is strictly necessary for floating<br>point mathematics otherwise prefer <code>NUMERIC</code> and <code>DECIMAL</code> at all times. Floating<br>point rounding errors are a nuisance!</li>
</ul>
<h3 id="Specifying-default-values"><a href="#Specifying-default-values" class="headerlink" title="Specifying default values"></a>Specifying default values</h3><ul>
<li>The default value must be the same type as the column—if a column is declared<br>a <code>DECIMAL</code> do not provide an <code>INTEGER</code> default value.</li>
<li>Default values must follow the data type declaration and come before any<br><code>NOT NULL</code> statement.</li>
</ul>
<h3 id="Constraints-and-keys"><a href="#Constraints-and-keys" class="headerlink" title="Constraints and keys"></a>Constraints and keys</h3><p>Constraints and their subset, keys, are a very important component of any<br>database definition. They can quickly become very difficult to read and reason<br>about though so it is important that a standard set of guidelines are followed.</p>
<h4 id="Choosing-keys"><a href="#Choosing-keys" class="headerlink" title="Choosing keys"></a>Choosing keys</h4><p>Deciding the column(s) that will form the keys in the definition should be a<br>carefully considered activity as it will effect performance and data integrity.</p>
<ol>
<li>The key should be unique to some degree.</li>
<li>Consistency in terms of data type for the value across the schema and a lower<br>likelihood of this changing in the future.</li>
<li>Can the value be validated against a standard format (such as one published by<br>ISO)? Encouraging conformity to point 2.</li>
<li>Keeping the key as simple as possible whilst not being scared to use compound<br>keys where necessary.</li>
</ol>
<p>It is a reasoned and considered balancing act to be performed at the definition<br>of a database. Should requirements evolve in the future it is possible to make<br>changes to the definitions to keep them up to date.</p>
<h4 id="Defining-constraints"><a href="#Defining-constraints" class="headerlink" title="Defining constraints"></a>Defining constraints</h4><p>Once the keys are decided it is possible to define them in the system using<br>constraints along with field value validation.</p>
<h5 id="General-2"><a href="#General-2" class="headerlink" title="General"></a>General</h5><ul>
<li>Tables must have at least one key to be complete and useful.</li>
<li>Constraints should be given a custom name excepting <code>UNIQUE</code>, <code>PRIMARY KEY</code><br>and <code>FOREIGN KEY</code> where the database vendor will generally supply sufficiently<br>intelligible names automatically.</li>
</ul>
<h5 id="Layout-and-order"><a href="#Layout-and-order" class="headerlink" title="Layout and order"></a>Layout and order</h5><ul>
<li>Specify the primary key first right after the <code>CREATE TABLE</code> statement.</li>
<li>Constraints should be defined directly beneath the column they correspond to.<br>Indent the constraint so that it aligns to the right of the column name.</li>
<li>If it is a multi-column constraint then consider putting it as close to both<br>column definitions as possible and where this is difficult as a last resort<br>include them at the end of the <code>CREATE TABLE</code> definition.</li>
<li>If it is a table level constraint that applies to the entire table then it<br>should also appear at the end.</li>
<li>Use alphabetical order where <code>ON DELETE</code> comes before <code>ON UPDATE</code>.</li>
<li>If it make senses to do so align each aspect of the query on the same character<br>position. For example all <code>NOT NULL</code> definitions could start at the same<br>character position. This is not hard and fast, but it certainly makes the code<br>much easier to scan and read.</li>
</ul>
<h5 id="Validation"><a href="#Validation" class="headerlink" title="Validation"></a>Validation</h5><ul>
<li>Use <code>LIKE</code> and <code>SIMILAR TO</code> constraints to ensure the integrity of strings<br>where the format is known.</li>
<li>Where the ultimate range of a numerical value is known it must be written as a<br>range <code>CHECK()</code> to prevent incorrect values entering the database or the silent<br>truncation of data too large to fit the column definition. In the least it<br>should check that the value is greater than zero in most cases.</li>
<li><code>CHECK()</code> constraints should be kept in separate clauses to ease debugging.</li>
</ul>
<h5 id="Example"><a href="#Example" class="headerlink" title="Example"></a>Example</h5><figure class="highlight sql"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">CREATE</span> <span class="keyword">TABLE</span> staff (</span><br><span class="line">    PRIMARY <span class="keyword">KEY</span> (staff_num),</span><br><span class="line">    staff_num      <span class="built_in">INT</span>(<span class="number">5</span>)       <span class="keyword">NOT</span> <span class="literal">NULL</span>,</span><br><span class="line">    first_name     <span class="built_in">VARCHAR</span>(<span class="number">100</span>) <span class="keyword">NOT</span> <span class="literal">NULL</span>,</span><br><span class="line">    pens_in_drawer <span class="built_in">INT</span>(<span class="number">2</span>)       <span class="keyword">NOT</span> <span class="literal">NULL</span>,</span><br><span class="line">                   <span class="keyword">CONSTRAINT</span> pens_in_drawer_range</span><br><span class="line">                   <span class="keyword">CHECK</span>(pens_in_drawer &gt;= <span class="number">1</span> <span class="keyword">AND</span> pens_in_drawer &lt; <span class="number">100</span>)</span><br><span class="line">);</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<h3 id="Designs-to-avoid"><a href="#Designs-to-avoid" class="headerlink" title="Designs to avoid"></a>Designs to avoid</h3><ul>
<li>Object oriented design principles do not effectively translate to relational<br>database designs—avoid this pitfall.</li>
<li>Placing the value in one column and the units in another column. The column<br>should make the units self evident to prevent the requirement to combine<br>columns again later in the application. Use <code>CHECK()</code> to ensure valid data is<br>inserted into the column.</li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entity%E2%80%93attribute%E2%80%93value_model" title="Wikipedia: Entity–attribute–value model" target="_blank" rel="noopener">EAV (Entity Attribute Value)</a> tables—use a specialist product intended for<br>handling such schema-less data instead.</li>
<li>Splitting up data that should be in one table across many because of arbitrary<br>concerns such as time-based archiving or location in a multi-national<br>organisation. Later queries must then work across multiple tables with <code>UNION</code><br>rather than just simply querying one table.</li>
</ul>
<h2 id="Appendix"><a href="#Appendix" class="headerlink" title="Appendix"></a>Appendix</h2><h3 id="Reserved-keyword-reference"><a href="#Reserved-keyword-reference" class="headerlink" title="Reserved keyword reference"></a>Reserved keyword reference</h3><p>A list of ANSI SQL (92, 99 and 2003), MySQL 3 to 5.x, PostgreSQL 8.1, MS SQL Server 2000, MS ODBC and Oracle 10.2 reserved keywords.</p>
<figure class="highlight sql"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br><span class="line">18</span><br><span class="line">19</span><br><span class="line">20</span><br><span class="line">21</span><br><span class="line">22</span><br><span class="line">23</span><br><span class="line">24</span><br><span class="line">25</span><br><span class="line">26</span><br><span class="line">27</span><br><span class="line">28</span><br><span class="line">29</span><br><span class="line">30</span><br><span class="line">31</span><br><span class="line">32</span><br><span class="line">33</span><br><span class="line">34</span><br><span class="line">35</span><br><span class="line">36</span><br><span class="line">37</span><br><span class="line">38</span><br><span class="line">39</span><br><span class="line">40</span><br><span class="line">41</span><br><span class="line">42</span><br><span class="line">43</span><br><span class="line">44</span><br><span class="line">45</span><br><span class="line">46</span><br><span class="line">47</span><br><span class="line">48</span><br><span class="line">49</span><br><span class="line">50</span><br><span class="line">51</span><br><span class="line">52</span><br><span class="line">53</span><br><span class="line">54</span><br><span class="line">55</span><br><span class="line">56</span><br><span class="line">57</span><br><span class="line">58</span><br><span class="line">59</span><br><span class="line">60</span><br><span class="line">61</span><br><span class="line">62</span><br><span class="line">63</span><br><span class="line">64</span><br><span class="line">65</span><br><span class="line">66</span><br><span class="line">67</span><br><span class="line">68</span><br><span class="line">69</span><br><span class="line">70</span><br><span class="line">71</span><br><span class="line">72</span><br><span class="line">73</span><br><span class="line">74</span><br><span class="line">75</span><br><span class="line">76</span><br><span class="line">77</span><br><span class="line">78</span><br><span class="line">79</span><br><span class="line">80</span><br><span class="line">81</span><br><span class="line">82</span><br><span class="line">83</span><br><span class="line">84</span><br><span class="line">85</span><br><span class="line">86</span><br><span class="line">87</span><br><span class="line">88</span><br><span class="line">89</span><br><span class="line">90</span><br><span class="line">91</span><br><span class="line">92</span><br><span class="line">93</span><br><span class="line">94</span><br><span class="line">95</span><br><span class="line">96</span><br><span class="line">97</span><br><span class="line">98</span><br><span class="line">99</span><br><span class="line">100</span><br><span class="line">101</span><br><span class="line">102</span><br><span class="line">103</span><br><span class="line">104</span><br><span class="line">105</span><br><span class="line">106</span><br><span class="line">107</span><br><span class="line">108</span><br><span class="line">109</span><br><span class="line">110</span><br><span class="line">111</span><br><span class="line">112</span><br><span class="line">113</span><br><span class="line">114</span><br><span class="line">115</span><br><span class="line">116</span><br><span class="line">117</span><br><span class="line">118</span><br><span class="line">119</span><br><span class="line">120</span><br><span class="line">121</span><br><span 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class="line">722</span><br><span class="line">723</span><br><span class="line">724</span><br><span class="line">725</span><br><span class="line">726</span><br><span class="line">727</span><br><span class="line">728</span><br><span class="line">729</span><br><span class="line">730</span><br><span class="line">731</span><br><span class="line">732</span><br><span class="line">733</span><br><span class="line">734</span><br><span class="line">735</span><br><span class="line">736</span><br><span class="line">737</span><br><span class="line">738</span><br><span class="line">739</span><br><span class="line">740</span><br><span class="line">741</span><br><span class="line">742</span><br><span class="line">743</span><br><span class="line">744</span><br><span class="line">745</span><br><span class="line">746</span><br><span class="line">747</span><br><span class="line">748</span><br><span class="line">749</span><br><span class="line">750</span><br><span class="line">751</span><br><span class="line">752</span><br><span class="line">753</span><br><span class="line">754</span><br><span class="line">755</span><br><span class="line">756</span><br><span class="line">757</span><br><span class="line">758</span><br><span class="line">759</span><br><span class="line">760</span><br><span class="line">761</span><br><span class="line">762</span><br><span class="line">763</span><br><span class="line">764</span><br><span class="line">765</span><br><span class="line">766</span><br><span class="line">767</span><br><span class="line">768</span><br><span class="line">769</span><br><span class="line">770</span><br><span class="line">771</span><br><span class="line">772</span><br><span class="line">773</span><br><span class="line">774</span><br><span class="line">775</span><br><span class="line">776</span><br><span class="line">777</span><br><span class="line">778</span><br><span class="line">779</span><br><span class="line">780</span><br><span class="line">781</span><br><span class="line">782</span><br><span class="line">783</span><br><span class="line">784</span><br><span class="line">785</span><br><span class="line">786</span><br><span class="line">787</span><br><span class="line">788</span><br><span class="line">789</span><br><span class="line">790</span><br><span class="line">791</span><br><span class="line">792</span><br><span class="line">793</span><br><span class="line">794</span><br><span class="line">795</span><br><span class="line">796</span><br><span class="line">797</span><br><span class="line">798</span><br><span class="line">799</span><br><span class="line">800</span><br><span class="line">801</span><br><span class="line">802</span><br><span class="line">803</span><br><span class="line">804</span><br><span class="line">805</span><br><span class="line">806</span><br><span class="line">807</span><br><span class="line">808</span><br><span class="line">809</span><br><span class="line">810</span><br><span class="line">811</span><br><span class="line">812</span><br><span class="line">813</span><br><span class="line">814</span><br><span class="line">815</span><br><span class="line">816</span><br><span class="line">817</span><br><span class="line">818</span><br><span class="line">819</span><br><span class="line">820</span><br><span class="line">821</span><br><span class="line">822</span><br><span class="line">823</span><br><span class="line">824</span><br><span class="line">825</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">A</span><br><span class="line">ABORT</span><br><span class="line">ABS</span><br><span class="line">ABSOLUTE</span><br><span class="line">ACCESS</span><br><span class="line">ACTION</span><br><span class="line">ADA</span><br><span class="line">ADD</span><br><span class="line">ADMIN</span><br><span class="line">AFTER</span><br><span class="line">AGGREGATE</span><br><span class="line">ALIAS</span><br><span class="line">ALL</span><br><span class="line">ALLOCATE</span><br><span class="line">ALSO</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">ALTER</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">ALWAYS</span></span><br><span class="line">ANALYSE</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">ANALYZE</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">AND</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">ANY</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">ARE</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="built_in">ARRAY</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">AS</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">ASC</span></span><br><span class="line">ASENSITIVE</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">ASSERTION</span></span><br><span class="line">ASSIGNMENT</span><br><span class="line">ASYMMETRIC</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">AT</span></span><br><span class="line">ATOMIC</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">ATTRIBUTE</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">ATTRIBUTES</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">AUDIT</span></span><br><span class="line">AUTHORIZATION</span><br><span class="line">AUTO_INCREMENT</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">AVG</span></span><br><span class="line">AVG_ROW_LENGTH</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">BACKUP</span></span><br><span class="line">BACKWARD</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">BEFORE</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">BEGIN</span></span><br><span class="line">BERNOULLI</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">BETWEEN</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="built_in">BIGINT</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="built_in">BINARY</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="built_in">BIT</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">BIT_LENGTH</span></span><br><span class="line">BITVAR</span><br><span class="line"><span class="built_in">BLOB</span></span><br><span class="line">BOOL</span><br><span class="line"><span class="built_in">BOOLEAN</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">BOTH</span></span><br><span class="line">BREADTH</span><br><span class="line">BREAK</span><br><span class="line">BROWSE</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">BULK</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">BY</span></span><br><span class="line">C</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">CACHE</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">CALL</span></span><br><span class="line">CALLED</span><br><span class="line">CARDINALITY</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">CASCADE</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">CASCADED</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">CASE</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">CAST</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">CATALOG</span></span><br><span class="line">CATALOG_NAME</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">CEIL</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">CEILING</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">CHAIN</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">CHANGE</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="built_in">CHAR</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">CHAR_LENGTH</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="built_in">CHARACTER</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">CHARACTER_LENGTH</span></span><br><span class="line">CHARACTER_SET_CATALOG</span><br><span class="line">CHARACTER_SET_NAME</span><br><span class="line">CHARACTER_SET_SCHEMA</span><br><span class="line">CHARACTERISTICS</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">CHARACTERS</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">CHECK</span></span><br><span class="line">CHECKED</span><br><span class="line">CHECKPOINT</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">CHECKSUM</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">CLASS</span></span><br><span class="line">CLASS_ORIGIN</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">CLOB</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">CLOSE</span></span><br><span class="line">CLUSTER</span><br><span class="line">CLUSTERED</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">COALESCE</span></span><br><span class="line">COBOL</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">COLLATE</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">COLLATION</span></span><br><span class="line">COLLATION_CATALOG</span><br><span class="line">COLLATION_NAME</span><br><span class="line">COLLATION_SCHEMA</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">COLLECT</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">COLUMN</span></span><br><span class="line">COLUMN_NAME</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">COLUMNS</span></span><br><span class="line">COMMAND_FUNCTION</span><br><span class="line">COMMAND_FUNCTION_CODE</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">COMMENT</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">COMMIT</span></span><br><span class="line">COMMITTED</span><br><span class="line">COMPLETION</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">COMPRESS</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">COMPUTE</span></span><br><span class="line">CONDITION</span><br><span class="line">CONDITION_NUMBER</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">CONNECT</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">CONNECTION</span></span><br><span class="line">CONNECTION_NAME</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">CONSTRAINT</span></span><br><span class="line">CONSTRAINT_CATALOG</span><br><span class="line">CONSTRAINT_NAME</span><br><span class="line">CONSTRAINT_SCHEMA</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">CONSTRAINTS</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">CONSTRUCTOR</span></span><br><span class="line">CONTAINS</span><br><span class="line">CONTAINSTABLE</span><br><span class="line">CONTINUE</span><br><span class="line">CONVERSION</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">CONVERT</span></span><br><span class="line">COPY</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">CORR</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">CORRESPONDING</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">COUNT</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">COVAR_POP</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">COVAR_SAMP</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">CREATE</span></span><br><span class="line">CREATEDB</span><br><span class="line">CREATEROLE</span><br><span class="line">CREATEUSER</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">CROSS</span></span><br><span class="line">CSV</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">CUBE</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">CUME_DIST</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">CURRENT</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">CURRENT_DATE</span></span><br><span class="line">CURRENT_DEFAULT_TRANSFORM_GROUP</span><br><span class="line">CURRENT_PATH</span><br><span class="line">CURRENT_ROLE</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">CURRENT_TIME</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">CURRENT_TIMESTAMP</span></span><br><span class="line">CURRENT_TRANSFORM_GROUP_FOR_TYPE</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">CURRENT_USER</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">CURSOR</span></span><br><span class="line">CURSOR_NAME</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">CYCLE</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">DATA</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">DATABASE</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">DATABASES</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="built_in">DATE</span></span><br><span class="line">DATETIME</span><br><span class="line">DATETIME_INTERVAL_CODE</span><br><span class="line">DATETIME_INTERVAL_PRECISION</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">DAY</span></span><br><span class="line">DAY_HOUR</span><br><span class="line">DAY_MICROSECOND</span><br><span class="line">DAY_MINUTE</span><br><span class="line">DAY_SECOND</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">DAYOFMONTH</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">DAYOFWEEK</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">DAYOFYEAR</span></span><br><span class="line">DBCC</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">DEALLOCATE</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="built_in">DEC</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="built_in">DECIMAL</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">DECLARE</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">DEFAULT</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">DEFAULTS</span></span><br><span class="line">DEFERRABLE</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">DEFERRED</span></span><br><span class="line">DEFINED</span><br><span class="line">DEFINER</span><br><span class="line">DEGREE</span><br><span class="line">DELAY_KEY_WRITE</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">DELAYED</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">DELETE</span></span><br><span class="line">DELIMITER</span><br><span class="line">DELIMITERS</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">DENSE_RANK</span></span><br><span class="line">DENY</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">DEPTH</span></span><br><span class="line">DEREF</span><br><span class="line">DERIVED</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">DESC</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">DESCRIBE</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">DESCRIPTOR</span></span><br><span class="line">DESTROY</span><br><span class="line">DESTRUCTOR</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">DETERMINISTIC</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">DIAGNOSTICS</span></span><br><span class="line">DICTIONARY</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">DISABLE</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">DISCONNECT</span></span><br><span class="line">DISK</span><br><span class="line">DISPATCH</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">DISTINCT</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">DISTINCTROW</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">DISTRIBUTED</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">DIV</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">DO</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">DOMAIN</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">DOUBLE</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">DROP</span></span><br><span class="line">DUAL</span><br><span class="line">DUMMY</span><br><span class="line">DUMP</span><br><span class="line">DYNAMIC</span><br><span class="line">DYNAMIC_FUNCTION</span><br><span class="line">DYNAMIC_FUNCTION_CODE</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">EACH</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">ELEMENT</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">ELSE</span></span><br><span class="line">ELSEIF</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">ENABLE</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">ENCLOSED</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">ENCODING</span></span><br><span class="line">ENCRYPTED</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">END</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">END</span>-EXEC</span><br><span class="line">ENUM</span><br><span class="line">EQUALS</span><br><span class="line">ERRLVL</span><br><span class="line">ESCAPE</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">ESCAPED</span></span><br><span class="line">EVERY</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">EXCEPT</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">EXCEPTION</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">EXCLUDE</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">EXCLUDING</span></span><br><span class="line">EXCLUSIVE</span><br><span class="line">EXEC</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">EXECUTE</span></span><br><span class="line">EXISTING</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">EXISTS</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">EXIT</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">EXP</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">EXPLAIN</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">EXTERNAL</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">EXTRACT</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="literal">FALSE</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">FETCH</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">FIELDS</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">FILE</span></span><br><span class="line">FILLFACTOR</span><br><span class="line">FILTER</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">FINAL</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">FIRST</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="built_in">FLOAT</span></span><br><span class="line">FLOAT4</span><br><span class="line">FLOAT8</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">FLOOR</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">FLUSH</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">FOLLOWING</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">FOR</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">FORCE</span></span><br><span class="line">FOREIGN</span><br><span class="line">FORTRAN</span><br><span class="line">FORWARD</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">FOUND</span></span><br><span class="line">FREE</span><br><span class="line">FREETEXT</span><br><span class="line">FREETEXTTABLE</span><br><span class="line">FREEZE</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">FROM</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">FULL</span></span><br><span class="line">FULLTEXT</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">FUNCTION</span></span><br><span class="line">FUSION</span><br><span class="line">G</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">GENERAL</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">GENERATED</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">GET</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">GLOBAL</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">GO</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">GOTO</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">GRANT</span></span><br><span class="line">GRANTED</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">GRANTS</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">GREATEST</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">GROUP</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">GROUPING</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">HANDLER</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">HAVING</span></span><br><span class="line">HEADER</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">HEAP</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">HIERARCHY</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">HIGH_PRIORITY</span></span><br><span class="line">HOLD</span><br><span class="line">HOLDLOCK</span><br><span class="line">HOST</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">HOSTS</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">HOUR</span></span><br><span class="line">HOUR_MICROSECOND</span><br><span class="line">HOUR_MINUTE</span><br><span class="line">HOUR_SECOND</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">IDENTIFIED</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">IDENTITY</span></span><br><span class="line">IDENTITY_INSERT</span><br><span class="line">IDENTITYCOL</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">IF</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">IGNORE</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">ILIKE</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">IMMEDIATE</span></span><br><span class="line">IMMUTABLE</span><br><span class="line">IMPLEMENTATION</span><br><span class="line">IMPLICIT</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">IN</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">INCLUDE</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">INCLUDING</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">INCREMENT</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">INDEX</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">INDICATOR</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">INFILE</span></span><br><span class="line">INFIX</span><br><span class="line">INHERIT</span><br><span class="line">INHERITS</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">INITIAL</span></span><br><span class="line">INITIALIZE</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">INITIALLY</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">INNER</span></span><br><span class="line">INOUT</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">INPUT</span></span><br><span class="line">INSENSITIVE</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">INSERT</span></span><br><span class="line">INSERT_ID</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">INSTANCE</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">INSTANTIABLE</span></span><br><span class="line">INSTEAD</span><br><span class="line"><span class="built_in">INT</span></span><br><span class="line">INT1</span><br><span class="line">INT2</span><br><span class="line">INT3</span><br><span class="line">INT4</span><br><span class="line"><span class="built_in">INT8</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="built_in">INTEGER</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">INTERSECT</span></span><br><span class="line">INTERSECTION</span><br><span class="line"><span class="built_in">INTERVAL</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">INTO</span></span><br><span class="line">INVOKER</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">IS</span></span><br><span class="line">ISAM</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">ISNULL</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">ISOLATION</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">ITERATE</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">JOIN</span></span><br><span class="line">K</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">KEY</span></span><br><span class="line">KEY_MEMBER</span><br><span class="line">KEY_TYPE</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">KEYS</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">KILL</span></span><br><span class="line">LANCOMPILER</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">LANGUAGE</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">LARGE</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">LAST</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">LAST_INSERT_ID</span></span><br><span class="line">LATERAL</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">LEADING</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">LEAST</span></span><br><span class="line">LEAVE</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">LEFT</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">LENGTH</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">LESS</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">LEVEL</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">LIKE</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">LIMIT</span></span><br><span class="line">LINENO</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">LINES</span></span><br><span class="line">LISTEN</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">LN</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">LOAD</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">LOCAL</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">LOCALTIME</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">LOCALTIMESTAMP</span></span><br><span class="line">LOCATION</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">LOCATOR</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">LOCK</span></span><br><span class="line">LOGIN</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">LOGS</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">LONG</span></span><br><span class="line">LONGBLOB</span><br><span class="line">LONGTEXT</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">LOOP</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">LOW_PRIORITY</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">LOWER</span></span><br><span class="line">M</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">MAP</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">MATCH</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">MATCHED</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">MAX</span></span><br><span class="line">MAX_ROWS</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">MAXEXTENTS</span></span><br><span class="line">MAXVALUE</span><br><span class="line">MEDIUMBLOB</span><br><span class="line">MEDIUMINT</span><br><span class="line">MEDIUMTEXT</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">MEMBER</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">MERGE</span></span><br><span class="line">MESSAGE_LENGTH</span><br><span class="line">MESSAGE_OCTET_LENGTH</span><br><span class="line">MESSAGE_TEXT</span><br><span class="line">METHOD</span><br><span class="line">MIDDLEINT</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">MIN</span></span><br><span class="line">MIN_ROWS</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">MINUS</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">MINUTE</span></span><br><span class="line">MINUTE_MICROSECOND</span><br><span class="line">MINUTE_SECOND</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">MINVALUE</span></span><br><span class="line">MLSLABEL</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">MOD</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">MODE</span></span><br><span class="line">MODIFIES</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">MODIFY</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">MODULE</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">MONTH</span></span><br><span class="line">MONTHNAME</span><br><span class="line">MORE</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">MOVE</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">MULTISET</span></span><br><span class="line">MUMPS</span><br><span class="line">MYISAM</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">NAME</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">NAMES</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">NATIONAL</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">NATURAL</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">NCHAR</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">NCLOB</span></span><br><span class="line">NESTING</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">NEW</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">NEXT</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">NO</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">NO_WRITE_TO_BINLOG</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">NOAUDIT</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">NOCHECK</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">NOCOMPRESS</span></span><br><span class="line">NOCREATEDB</span><br><span class="line">NOCREATEROLE</span><br><span class="line">NOCREATEUSER</span><br><span class="line">NOINHERIT</span><br><span class="line">NOLOGIN</span><br><span class="line">NONCLUSTERED</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">NONE</span></span><br><span class="line">NORMALIZE</span><br><span class="line">NORMALIZED</span><br><span class="line">NOSUPERUSER</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">NOT</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">NOTHING</span></span><br><span class="line">NOTIFY</span><br><span class="line">NOTNULL</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">NOWAIT</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="literal">NULL</span></span><br><span class="line">NULLABLE</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">NULLIF</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">NULLS</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="built_in">NUMBER</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="built_in">NUMERIC</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">OBJECT</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">OCTET_LENGTH</span></span><br><span class="line">OCTETS</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">OF</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">OFF</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">OFFLINE</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">OFFSET</span></span><br><span class="line">OFFSETS</span><br><span class="line">OIDS</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">OLD</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">ON</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">ONLINE</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">ONLY</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">OPEN</span></span><br><span class="line">OPENDATASOURCE</span><br><span class="line">OPENQUERY</span><br><span class="line">OPENROWSET</span><br><span class="line">OPENXML</span><br><span class="line">OPERATION</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">OPERATOR</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">OPTIMIZE</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">OPTION</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">OPTIONALLY</span></span><br><span class="line">OPTIONS</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">OR</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">ORDER</span></span><br><span class="line">ORDERING</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">ORDINALITY</span></span><br><span class="line">OTHERS</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">OUT</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">OUTER</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">OUTFILE</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">OUTPUT</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">OVER</span></span><br><span class="line">OVERLAPS</span><br><span class="line">OVERLAY</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">OVERRIDING</span></span><br><span class="line">OWNER</span><br><span class="line">PACK_KEYS</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">PAD</span></span><br><span class="line">PARAMETER</span><br><span class="line">PARAMETER_MODE</span><br><span class="line">PARAMETER_NAME</span><br><span class="line">PARAMETER_ORDINAL_POSITION</span><br><span class="line">PARAMETER_SPECIFIC_CATALOG</span><br><span class="line">PARAMETER_SPECIFIC_NAME</span><br><span class="line">PARAMETER_SPECIFIC_SCHEMA</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">PARAMETERS</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">PARTIAL</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">PARTITION</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">PASCAL</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">PASSWORD</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">PATH</span></span><br><span class="line">PCTFREE</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">PERCENT</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">PERCENT_RANK</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">PERCENTILE_CONT</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">PERCENTILE_DISC</span></span><br><span class="line">PLACING</span><br><span class="line">PLAN</span><br><span class="line">PLI</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">POSITION</span></span><br><span class="line">POSTFIX</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">POWER</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">PRECEDING</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">PRECISION</span></span><br><span class="line">PREFIX</span><br><span class="line">PREORDER</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">PREPARE</span></span><br><span class="line">PREPARED</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">PRESERVE</span></span><br><span class="line">PRIMARY</span><br><span class="line">PRINT</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">PRIOR</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">PRIVILEGES</span></span><br><span class="line">PROC</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">PROCEDURAL</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">PROCEDURE</span></span><br><span class="line">PROCESS</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">PROCESSLIST</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">PUBLIC</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">PURGE</span></span><br><span class="line">QUOTE</span><br><span class="line">RAID0</span><br><span class="line">RAISERROR</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">RANGE</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">RANK</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">RAW</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">READ</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">READS</span></span><br><span class="line">READTEXT</span><br><span class="line"><span class="built_in">REAL</span></span><br><span class="line">RECHECK</span><br><span class="line">RECONFIGURE</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">RECURSIVE</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">REF</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">REFERENCES</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">REFERENCING</span></span><br><span class="line">REGEXP</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">REGR_AVGX</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">REGR_AVGY</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">REGR_COUNT</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">REGR_INTERCEPT</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">REGR_R2</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">REGR_SLOPE</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">REGR_SXX</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">REGR_SXY</span></span><br><span class="line">REGR_SYY</span><br><span class="line">REINDEX</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">RELATIVE</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">RELEASE</span></span><br><span class="line">RELOAD</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">RENAME</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">REPEAT</span></span><br><span class="line">REPEATABLE</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">REPLACE</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">REPLICATION</span></span><br><span class="line">REQUIRE</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">RESET</span></span><br><span class="line">RESIGNAL</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">RESOURCE</span></span><br><span class="line">RESTART</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">RESTORE</span></span><br><span class="line">RESTRICT</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">RESULT</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">RETURN</span></span><br><span class="line">RETURNED_CARDINALITY</span><br><span class="line">RETURNED_LENGTH</span><br><span class="line">RETURNED_OCTET_LENGTH</span><br><span class="line">RETURNED_SQLSTATE</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">RETURNS</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">REVOKE</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">RIGHT</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">RLIKE</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">ROLE</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">ROLLBACK</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">ROLLUP</span></span><br><span class="line">ROUTINE</span><br><span class="line">ROUTINE_CATALOG</span><br><span class="line">ROUTINE_NAME</span><br><span class="line">ROUTINE_SCHEMA</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">ROW</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">ROW_COUNT</span></span><br><span class="line">ROW_NUMBER</span><br><span class="line">ROWCOUNT</span><br><span class="line">ROWGUIDCOL</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">ROWID</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">ROWNUM</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">ROWS</span></span><br><span class="line">RULE</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">SAVE</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">SAVEPOINT</span></span><br><span class="line">SCALE</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">SCHEMA</span></span><br><span class="line">SCHEMA_NAME</span><br><span class="line">SCHEMAS</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">SCOPE</span></span><br><span class="line">SCOPE_CATALOG</span><br><span class="line">SCOPE_NAME</span><br><span class="line">SCOPE_SCHEMA</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">SCROLL</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">SEARCH</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">SECOND</span></span><br><span class="line">SECOND_MICROSECOND</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">SECTION</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">SECURITY</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">SELECT</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">SELF</span></span><br><span class="line">SENSITIVE</span><br><span class="line">SEPARATOR</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">SEQUENCE</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">SERIALIZABLE</span></span><br><span class="line">SERVER_NAME</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">SESSION</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">SESSION_USER</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">SET</span></span><br><span class="line">SETOF</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">SETS</span></span><br><span class="line">SETUSER</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">SHARE</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">SHOW</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">SHUTDOWN</span></span><br><span class="line">SIGNAL</span><br><span class="line">SIMILAR</span><br><span class="line">SIMPLE</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">SIZE</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="built_in">SMALLINT</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">SOME</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">SONAME</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">SOURCE</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">SPACE</span></span><br><span class="line">SPATIAL</span><br><span class="line">SPECIFIC</span><br><span class="line">SPECIFIC_NAME</span><br><span class="line">SPECIFICTYPE</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">SQL</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">SQL_BIG_RESULT</span></span><br><span class="line">SQL_BIG_SELECTS</span><br><span class="line">SQL_BIG_TABLES</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">SQL_CALC_FOUND_ROWS</span></span><br><span class="line">SQL_LOG_OFF</span><br><span class="line">SQL_LOG_UPDATE</span><br><span class="line">SQL_LOW_PRIORITY_UPDATES</span><br><span class="line">SQL_SELECT_LIMIT</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">SQL_SMALL_RESULT</span></span><br><span class="line">SQL_WARNINGS</span><br><span class="line">SQLCA</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">SQLCODE</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">SQLERROR</span></span><br><span class="line">SQLEXCEPTION</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">SQLSTATE</span></span><br><span class="line">SQLWARNING</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">SQRT</span></span><br><span class="line">SSL</span><br><span class="line">STABLE</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">START</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">STARTING</span></span><br><span class="line">STATE</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">STATEMENT</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">STATIC</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">STATISTICS</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">STATUS</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">STDDEV_POP</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">STDDEV_SAMP</span></span><br><span class="line">STDIN</span><br><span class="line">STDOUT</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">STORAGE</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">STRAIGHT_JOIN</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">STRICT</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">STRING</span></span><br><span class="line">STRUCTURE</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">STYLE</span></span><br><span class="line">SUBCLASS_ORIGIN</span><br><span class="line">SUBLIST</span><br><span class="line">SUBMULTISET</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">SUBSTRING</span></span><br><span class="line">SUCCESSFUL</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">SUM</span></span><br><span class="line">SUPERUSER</span><br><span class="line">SYMMETRIC</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">SYNONYM</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">SYSDATE</span></span><br><span class="line">SYSID</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">SYSTEM</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">SYSTEM_USER</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">TABLE</span></span><br><span class="line">TABLE_NAME</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">TABLES</span></span><br><span class="line">TABLESAMPLE</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">TABLESPACE</span></span><br><span class="line">TEMP</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">TEMPLATE</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">TEMPORARY</span></span><br><span class="line">TERMINATE</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">TERMINATED</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="built_in">TEXT</span></span><br><span class="line">TEXTSIZE</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">THAN</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">THEN</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">TIES</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">TIME</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">TIMESTAMP</span></span><br><span class="line">TIMEZONE_HOUR</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">TIMEZONE_MINUTE</span></span><br><span class="line">TINYBLOB</span><br><span class="line">TINYINT</span><br><span class="line">TINYTEXT</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">TO</span></span><br><span class="line">TOAST</span><br><span class="line">TOP</span><br><span class="line">TOP_LEVEL_COUNT</span><br><span class="line">TRAILING</span><br><span class="line">TRAN</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">TRANSACTION</span></span><br><span class="line">TRANSACTION_ACTIVE</span><br><span class="line">TRANSACTIONS_COMMITTED</span><br><span class="line">TRANSACTIONS_ROLLED_BACK</span><br><span class="line">TRANSFORM</span><br><span class="line">TRANSFORMS</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">TRANSLATE</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">TRANSLATION</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">TREAT</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">TRIGGER</span></span><br><span class="line">TRIGGER_CATALOG</span><br><span class="line">TRIGGER_NAME</span><br><span class="line">TRIGGER_SCHEMA</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">TRIM</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="literal">TRUE</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">TRUNCATE</span></span><br><span class="line">TRUSTED</span><br><span class="line">TSEQUAL</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">TYPE</span></span><br><span class="line">UESCAPE</span><br><span class="line">UID</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">UNBOUNDED</span></span><br><span class="line">UNCOMMITTED</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">UNDER</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">UNDO</span></span><br><span class="line">UNENCRYPTED</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">UNION</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">UNIQUE</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">UNKNOWN</span></span><br><span class="line">UNLISTEN</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">UNLOCK</span></span><br><span class="line">UNNAMED</span><br><span class="line">UNNEST</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">UNSIGNED</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">UNTIL</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">UPDATE</span></span><br><span class="line">UPDATETEXT</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">UPPER</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">USAGE</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">USE</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">USER</span></span><br><span class="line">USER_DEFINED_TYPE_CATALOG</span><br><span class="line">USER_DEFINED_TYPE_CODE</span><br><span class="line">USER_DEFINED_TYPE_NAME</span><br><span class="line">USER_DEFINED_TYPE_SCHEMA</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">USING</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">UTC_DATE</span></span><br><span class="line">UTC_TIME</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">UTC_TIMESTAMP</span></span><br><span class="line">VACUUM</span><br><span class="line">VALID</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">VALIDATE</span></span><br><span class="line">VALIDATOR</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">VALUE</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">VALUES</span></span><br><span class="line">VAR_POP</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">VAR_SAMP</span></span><br><span class="line">VARBINARY</span><br><span class="line"><span class="built_in">VARCHAR</span></span><br><span class="line">VARCHAR2</span><br><span class="line">VARCHARACTER</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">VARIABLE</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">VARIABLES</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="built_in">VARYING</span></span><br><span class="line">VERBOSE</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">VIEW</span></span><br><span class="line">VOLATILE</span><br><span class="line">WAITFOR</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">WHEN</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">WHENEVER</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">WHERE</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">WHILE</span></span><br><span class="line">WIDTH_BUCKET</span><br><span class="line">WINDOW</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">WITH</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">WITHIN</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">WITHOUT</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">WORK</span></span><br><span class="line">WRITE</span><br><span class="line">WRITETEXT</span><br><span class="line">X509</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">XOR</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">YEAR</span></span><br><span class="line">YEAR_MONTH</span><br><span class="line">ZEROFILL</span><br><span class="line">ZONE</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>

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